Process of measuring heat in hot-water heating systems.



No. 764,002. PATENTED JULY 5, 1904 G. G. PEGK. PROCESS OF MEASURING HEATIN HOT WATER EUE'IA'IING SYSTEMS.

' APPLICATION FILED AUG. 20. 1902.

N0 MODEL. 4 SHEETS-SHEET 1.

1 IE III a P IELIXZ WITNESSES:

%% INVEN'IUR No. 764,002. PATENTED JULY 5,1904.

0. (L'PEGK. PROCESS OF MEASURING HEAT IN HOT WATER HEATING SYSTEMS.

7 APPLICATION FILED AUG. 20. 1902.

N0 MODEL. 4 SHBETS-SHEET 2.

FIGJIIII. LU .L

WITNEE: SE 5 Q /w4'/i/ v {iNVENT m g).

M6 fee/( Q2 .00 @QJL MM No. 764,002. PATENTED JULY 5, 1904.

' G. G. PEGK. PROCESS OF MEASURING HEAT IN HOT WATER HEATING SYSTEMS.

APPLICATION FILED AUG. 20, 1002. no MODEL. 4 SHEETS-SHEET 3.

FIG IX WITNESSES:

iii-WM INVENT [IE 1 "6M Ema 162M No. 764,002,. PATENTED JULY 5, 1904.

- I 0. G.PEGK.-" PROCESS OF'MEASURING HEAT IN HOT WATER HEATING SYSTEMS.

APPLICATION FILED AUG. 20, 1902.

N0 MODEL. S 4 SHEETS-SHEET 4.

WITNE 5 SE5 1 0 Frilxfi, mxmnmra: V Y I 69M S1. m mjfiv WM inc. 764,002.

Patented July 5, 1904.

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

OASSIUS CARROLL PEOK, OF ROCHESTER, NEWV YORK.

PROCESS OF MEASURING HEAT l N HOT-WATER HEATING SYSTEMS.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 764,002, dated July 5,1904. Application filed August 20, 1902. Serial No. 120,342. (Nospecimens.)

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, CAssius CARROLL PECK,

residing at Rochester, in the county of Monroe and State of New York,have invented a certain new and useful Process of Measuring Heat inHot-Water Heating Systems,of which .the following is a specificationsufficient to enable others skilled in the art to which the in ventionappertains to make and use the same.

My invention relates to heating air and liquids by acirculation ofheated water, said water acting as the heat vehicle for conveying heatfrom its source to the point ofdelivery.

Itis more especially intended foracentral-station system of heating, inwhich a considerable number of buildings are to be supplied with heatfor warming air in the buildings,

for heating water for domestic and other uses, and for any purposeconnected with manufactu ring to which a mechanically-forced circulationof hot water is adapted. applied to a natural or gravity circulation ofheated water the same as to a forced circula tion, the requirement foremployment in such connection is less in extent with the former Naturalor gravity circulation can be depended upon only as compared with thelatter.

for heating a single building or a small group of buildings which aregenerally under one on a guesswork basis, as it is impracticable toaccurately apportion to each of numerous users his share of the totalheat supplied by j a water-circulating system, and the result is i thatany one user is charged with more or less than he has received, andthere is no special inducement for individuals to exercise care andeconomy in consumption, and all pay at a higher rate than is necessaryunder a heat-Q measuring system or else the central station fails toreceive a fair return for what it sup- The difliculties involved havehereto- 1 fore prevented measurement of heat supplied 1 plies.

While it can be circulation greatly encourages its use, for

measurement induces economy on the partof users of the heat where wastewould otherwise be allowed, and this makes it possible to furnish atminimum cost the amount of heat which each actually requires.Measurement also induces use of such a heating system through theknowledge that only heat used will have to be paid for. The centralstation can also make prices which will be fair and tempting to usersand at the same time such as will be just to itself, because the elementof doubt is eliminated. Knowing what heat at the station costs and thepercentage of loss from distributing-mains, the rates to customers canbe made with as full a knowledge of cost as in the case of gas in themanufacture and sale of this commodity.

In my concurrent application for Letters Patent for improvements ,inapparatus for measuring heat in a hot-water heating system I havedescribed, shown, and claimed the special mechanism required forsupplying the data needed in determining how much heat has passed out ofa circulation of hot Water. In the just-named application a hot-watermeter of same general design as now manufactured is fitted with atime-chart moved by clockwork, on which chart the'registering devices ofthe meter imprint the meter meas urements, so that the volume of watercirc'fuculation for each hour shall be continuously recorded. In theabove-named application two thermometers-one connected with theinflowing current and the other connected with the outfiowing current ofthe hot-water circulationare arranged for continuously recording on onetime-chart, moved by clockwork, the temperature of each current or elsedirectly recording by a single line the difference in temperature of thetwo currents, which is the drop in temperature caused by escape of heatduring the course of circulation. These two sets of devices cover theToo . in Fig. 3.

mechanical appliances required for obtaining data for calculating theamount of heat which has passed out of a water-circulating system.Having obtained from the time-recording meter the hourly circulation,the volume of this circulation, usually recorded in cubic feet, ismultiplied by the weight per cubic foot at the temperature as shown bythe recording-thermometer connected with the inflowing current to obtainthe weight of water which has passed through the meter during each houror other short-time period for which the meter time-chart is adapted.The next step is to get from the thermometerehart the averagedifiference in temperature between the inflowing current of heated waterand the outfiowing current of cooled water during each hour or othertime period. This difference or drop in temperature is then used as amultiplier, and the hourly weight of water, as above referred to, isused as a 'multiplicand, the result being the number of British thermalunits which have escapedfrom the water during the hour or other timeperiod.

In the accompanying drawlngs I show mechanical devices suited forcarrying out my process of heat measurement, these being the same asthose shown in the concurrent application for Letters Patent, ashereinbefore referred to.

In the drawings like parts in all the figures are indicated by the sameletters.

In drawings of the time-recording meter, Figure 1 is an elevation of thetop of the case of a water-meter, also showing inelosed in asupplemental case a top or plan view of mechanism connected with myinvention. Fig. 2 is a side elevation, on a larger scale, of the primaryregistering-shaft of the meter and of my recording devices. Fig. 3 is aplan or top view of a modification of my recording mechanism- Fig. 4 isan elevation of the impression-roller required for the design shown Fig.5 is a central cross-section of the meter-case and a sectional elevationof the recording mechanism. Fig. 6 is an elevation of a portion of therecording-ribbon used with the recording devices shown in Figs. 1, 2, 5,and 6. Fig. 7 is an elevation of a portion of the recording-ribbon usedwith the modification of recording mechanism shown in Figs. 3 and 4.Fig. 8 shows the lower .half of the meter-case in side elevation, theupper half or portion above the horizontal center of the plungers beinga central section of the case with one of the plungers and also therecording devices in elevation. Fig. 9 shows the same view of themeter-case as Fig. 1, the supplemental case being shown as containing atop view of my complete mechanism for registering the hourly flow of hotwater and for recording on the same chart the temperature of both theoutflowing current and of the infiowing current. Fig. 10 is a sideelevation of my recording devices shown in Fig. 9, the case being brokenaway to expose same. Fig. 11 is an elevation of a convenient form ofdouble-record thermometer for use independent of a meter, the lowerportion of the case being broken away to show the internal mechanism.Fig. 12 is a sectional elevation of the instrument-case with therecording devices shown in Fig. 11, the view being at right angles toFig. 11.

In the several figures, A is the case of a Worthington water-meter.

B B, Figs. 5 and 8, are the plungers, which are fitted in parallel rings6 b, Fig. 8. Water under pressure is admitted through the properinlet-ports into chamber C at one end of each plunger alternately, whilethe connection is made between the chamber at the other end of theoutlet. Thus the plunger in moving displaces its volume, discharging itthrough its outlet. The stroke of the two plungers alternates, the valveactuated by one admitting pressure to the other. The plungers arebrought to rest at the end of the stroke by buffers c 0. One plungerimparts a reciprocating motion-to the lever D, which actuates therecording mechanism through shaft 1) and ratchet-wheel E on shaft E. Thereciprocating movement of plunger B moves the lever D first one way andthen the other, each movement being equal to the stroke of the plunger,and the lever, being attached to shaft 1), turns the shaft a certainamount for each stroke of the plunger. The upper end of shaft D carriesan arm (Z, Fig. 8, having at its outer end a pawl (l, which engages withratchet-wheel E on shaft E. At the upper end of the latter are two armsa a, secured to the shaft and carrying at their outer ends avertically-set roller 0, having one or more circumferential grooves 0The ofiice of this roller is to press the paper ribbon G into contactwith the metallic point 7L, fixed in the plate H, Fig. 1, the groove inroller 0 corresponding with said point, so that the ribbon shall bepunctured by the point as the roller passes it Without bringing thepoint in contact with the roller. Clockwork 71, contained in frame I,drives roller J, to which ribbon G is attached, and gradually unrolls itfrom roller J. The ribbon is kept sufliciently taut by screwing downmore or less the nut j on spring j, Fig. 2. The clockwork is usuallymade for running eight days without rewinding. On the face of ribbon Gis printed a chart, as g g, Figs. 6 and 7, for indicating hours or othershort and uniform periods of time, the vertical lines in said figuresrepresenting the equal periods. Perforations 9 made by point It, showthe number of revolutions of shaft E within each of the time periods ofthe chart and within any number of such periods, as each revolution ofsaid shaft causes point /t to puncture ribbon G through being pressedagainst the point by ioo roller 0, said point entering the groove insaid roller.

In Fig. 3, H is a modification of plate H (shown in Fig. 1) in that ithas four faces, each having a metallic point h, these points being setone above the other, as indicated by the position of holes 9 made inribbon G by the four points, as shown in Fig. 7. The object is toprovide more room between hourmarks on the ribbon for perforations.Plate H is rotated by pinion e on shaft E, the pinion engaging withidler-wheel 0 and this in turn with spur-wheel 2 on shaft it, to whichis attached plate H, the driving-gear beingshaft E at the moment roller0 passes the point A. The clockwork is generally designed for runningeight days without rewinding. At the time of winding the clock a freshribbon can be conveniently substituted for the one which has been used.Ribbon G can, however,be made of suflicient length to last during two ormore winding periods. From the used ribbon a book-record of hourly (orother short time) circulation can be made, and the ribbon may then befiled as a permanent record, each ribbon being preferably dated bothwhen placed in the meter and when taken out.

In my concurrent application for Letters Patent on thehereinbefore-described time-recording meter certain modifications of theparts are described, especially as suiting the meter for measuringdiffering amounts of circulation; but as the present object is only tomake clear in a general way the manner of carrying out my process ofheat measurement it is not deemed necessary to give fuller detailsrelating to the meter construction.

In the accompanying drawings of my recording-thermometer, Fig. 11 is anelevation of the case, chart, and recording devices, the lower portionof the case and of the chart being broken away to show the operatingparts. Fig. 12 is a sectional elevation of thelower portion of theinstrument-case and is at right angles to Fig. 1. In Fig. 11, K is thecase of the recording instrument, and L the chart on which marker-arms MM draw the recordlines, said lines being made either with crayonpointsor by inking-points m m, one arm being extended beyond the other toprevent interference of the two inking-points. Chart L is revolved at auniform rate by clockwork N in case or. For a hot-water heating systemthe chart is divided into radial markings representing hours and intocircular markings representing temperatures. The subdivisions on thechart are usually for one hundred and ninety-two hours and thetemperature range of 100 Fahrenheit say from 130 to 230 the clockworkbeing made for running eight days without rewinding. With theseconditions it will be necessary to supply a new chart and wind the clockonce a week. Marker-arms M M are attached to the free end ofhelicallyformed flattened metallic tubes 0 O, the opposite ends of thetubes being anchored to the case K and attached to quite small metallictubes 0 0, which are attached at the opposite ends to thermometer-bulbs0 0 respectively, inserted in pipes P P. The connecting-pipes 0 0 arepreferably made of copper or brass. The distance from pipes P P to coilsO O is optional and may be as much as twenty to twenty-five feet. CoilsO O, pipes 0 0, and thermometer-bulbs 0 0 are all filled, preferably,with alcohol, the expansion of which by heat applied tosaid'thermometer-bulbs creates pressure which tends to straighten outthe coils, and thus move the marker arms M M laterally across the faceof chart L in proportion to the degree of pressure. Thus in Fig. l themarker-arm M, which indicates the higher of two temperatures, is shownin solid lines at about the starting-pointsay at 130 to 140Fahrenheitand in broken lines at a point which may indicate about 200which latter might be the temperature of water entering the buildingbeing. heated. The shorter marker-arm M, as shown in broken lines, mayrepresent the temperature of water on leaving the building aftercirculating through radiators, say, 40 below the initial temperature,although this would represent greater than average difference in a goodheating system. On a good-sized chart the difference, whatever it was,would be seen by a glance at the lines made by the two markers, and therecord of difference in temperature would be conveniently taken down ona blank usually made for hourly entries. This facility in drawing offthe hourly record is of much importance in a central-station system ofheating. In case of a large number of users of heat from such a stationthe labor involved in deducing the difference in temperature from twoseparate charts each taken from a separate recording-thermometer wouldbe great i with respect to each other, as shown and described in myconcurrent application for Letters Patent on the hereinbefore-describedrecording-thermometer. In Fig. 2 marker-arms M M are shown as boundtogether at the pointer ends by a' sleeve m held in position by aboltm". This arrangement requires adifferently-lined chart and is forthe purpose of reading the difference between two temperatures by asingle line drawn by point on on the chart. The radial or time lines onthe chart would remain as heretofore described; but the circular lineswould be made to indicate difference in temperatures and not thetemperatures themselves. If the range of temperature to be measured were100 and there were twenty circular lines on the chart, then the spacebetween each two circular lines would represent 5 or if there were fiftycircular lines then the space between would represent 2 Coils O O arealso reversed in position in case K, so that marker-arms M M shall beactuated in opposite directions, and thus oppose each other, under whichcondition only the excess of pressure on one arm as compared with theother arm will cause a lateral movement of point m, and the extent ofthis lateral movement will be the measure of difference of temperatureat the points where the two thermometer-bulbs 0 0 are located. Thereverse position of one of the two coils-that is, of Oand of marker-armM is indicated by broken lines in Fig. 12.

Figs. 9 and 10 show the mechanism of the two steps which have heretoforebeen described in detail as embodied in one apparatus. This does notrequire any change in the manner of recording meter measurements asalready described or in clockwork for driving ribbon G, but does requirean additional roller namely, J", on which spring 7" is placed ratherthan on roller J, the latter becoming an idler guide-roller. Coils O Oare properly placed for actuating marker-arms M M, so they will recordon ribbon G. The horizontal lines on said ribbon are made to representtemperatures if marker-arms M M record independently of each other, asshown in Fig. 10, or if the two arms are united at the marking ends, ashereinbefore described, then the horizontal lines are made to representdifference in temperature between the inflowing current of the heatingsystem and the outfiowing current. The vertical lines on the ribbonrepresenthours or other short time periods and. are the same as if theribbon were used for recording meter measurements only. The advantage ofassembling all the devices required for obtaining data for calculatingthe amount of heat delivered from a hot-water heating system in onecompound instrument is that first cost is a minimum, installation iseasiest, space required for setting and using is a minimum, andconvenience in taking off the record is greatest where both temperatureand quantity of circulation are recorded. on the same chart.

\Vhile the clockwork for both water-meter and thermometers is usuallymade for running eight days, it can be made for running a longer timewithout rewinding.

In taking OH in a record-book the chartrecord of volume of watercirculation through the heating system for each hour or other short timeperiod and the average difference in temperature between the inflowingcurrent and the outfiowing current for each of the time periods it isdesirable that there should be one column for volume of watercirculation, another column giving the temperature of Water passingthrough the meter, and a third column giving the weight of watercirculated in each time period. A fourth column should. give the averagedifference in temperature between the inflowing current and theoutflowing current of the heating system for each of the chart timeperiods. A fifth column should give in heat units (British thermalunits) the result of multiplying the figures in column 4: into thefigures in column 3. A sixth column should give the number of heat unitssupplied for each twentyfour hours, a seventh column the total number ofheat units supplied for a chart period say one weekand in an eighthcolumn should be entered the total number of heat units supplied for amonth or, say, for four chart periods. If bills are rendered tocustomers monthly, then the monthly total of heat supplied to each usercan be posted from the said general record-book onto individualledgeraccounts. In posting from the charts onto the record-book it isnot generally necessary to make an extension for each hour of a day, asa considerable part of the time the record usually runs nearly uniform,especially during the night, and for such uniform periods it is onlyrequisite that the total be entered.

This process of measuring heat-delivery puts the business of supplyingheat through the medium of a forced circulation of heated water on anequally exact basis as that of supplying electric current and gas.

The data. necessary to obtain for determining the heat supplied from thefluid or water circulating through the radiating devices are the volumeof flow and the average difference in temperature of the fluid or waterflowing into the circuit or radiating devices as compared with the fluidor water flowing out of said circuit for the same period of time as thatfor which the volume of flow has been determined, and the example setforth herein is by registering and comparing the expansions of thesubstance in the thermometers at the inlet and. outlet of theheating-circuit.

Having described my invention, what I claim, and desire to secure byLetters Patent,

1. The process of determining the amount of heat supplied from a fluidcirculated through radiating devices for a definite period of timeconsisting of continuously measuring and continuously registering thevolume of flow of IIO said fluid for said period; and determining theaverage difference in temperature of the fluid flowing into theheating-circuit as compared with the fluid flowing out of saidheating-circuit for said period; and finally multiplying the saidaverage difference in temperature by the weight of fluid which hasflowed through the heating-circuit in said period of time, substantiallyas set forth.

2. The process of determining the amount of heat supplied from a fluidcirculated through radiating devices for a definite period of timeconsisting of continuously measuring and continuously registering thevolume of flow of said fluid for said period; and determining theaverage diflerence in temperature of the fluid flowing into theheating-circuit as compared with the fluid flowing out of saidheating-circuit for said period by comparing the expansion of asubstance in contact with said fluid at the inlet to said circuit withthe expansion of a substance at the outlet thereof and continuouslyregistering said expansions; and finally multiplying the said averagedifference in temperature by the weight of fluid which has flowedthrough the heating-circuit in said period of time, substantially as setforth.

3. The process of determining the amount of heat supplied from a fluidcirculated through radiating devices consisting of measuring the volumeof the fluid flowing through the latter and automatically registeringsaid volume,

whereby the quantity circulated for a determined period of time isgiven, and automatically and continuously registering the differenttemperatures of the inflowing and of the outflowing currents of fluid inthe heating system, and finally multiplying the weight of fluidcirculated in said period of time by the average difference in thetemperatures between the inflowing and outflowing currents for saidperiod.

4. The process of determining the amount of heat supplied from a fluidcirculated through radiating devices, consisting of measuring the volumeof the liquid flowing through the latter, and automatically recordingsaid volume on a chart mechanically moved at uniform speed whereby thequantity circulated for each hour, or other similarly short period oftime, may be obtained, together with automatically and continuouslyrecording the different temperatures of the inflowing and of theoutflowing current of fluid in the heating system, and, finally,multiplying the weight of fluid circulated Within a given time period bythe average difference in the temperatures between the inflowing andoutflowing currents for the same period.

CASSIUS CARROLL PEOK.

Witnesses:

WM. W. HILL, L. 191201;.

